What is Glabrous Skin?

May 02 2025, by Braeden Ostepchuk, 5 min reading time

Palm Cooling and Heat Transfer for Rapid Core Body Cooling

The palm of the hand is an interface between human physiology and applied physics. Due to its unique vascular structure, high thermal conductance, and anatomical accessibility, the palm offers a strategic advantage in thermoregulation. When leveraged with appropriate technology, it becomes an exceptionally effective and efficient portal for heat extraction.

This module explores the physics, physiology, and design principles that make the palm an ideal anatomical interface for manipulating core temperature through targeted cooling.

1. Thermodynamics of Heat Transfer in the Human Body

Human thermal regulation is governed by four primary heat transfer mechanisms (Périard & Racinais, 2019):

- Conduction: Direct heat transfer via contact (e.g., palm to cooling surface)
- Convection: Heat carried by fluid (e.g., blood or ambient air flow)
- Radiation: Emission of infrared heat to the environment
- Evaporation: Latent heat loss via sweat vaporization

In palm cooling, conduction is the dominant mechanism. Warm arterial blood circulating through the palmar AVAs comes into contact with a cooler interface, resulting in rapid thermal exchange (Grahn et al., 2005; Grahn et al., 2012). Effectiveness is driven by:

- A high temperature gradient (ΔT), typically >15–20°C between skin and surface
- Continuous perfusion of blood through AVAs during hyperthermia
- Minimal insulating tissue (e.g., subcutaneous fat or musculature) between vessels and surface

This results in immediate and efficient conductive heat loss, even in dry, low-airflow environments where sweat-based cooling may falter.

2. Why the Palm Functions as a Heat Sink

The palm functions as a natural biological heatsink because of several key properties:

- High blood flow: AVA dilation during heat stress increases blood flow up to 8 L/min across all glabrous regions
- Minimal thermal resistance: No thick fat or muscle layers impede surface-to-blood conductivity
- Rapid systemic recirculation: Cooled blood is quickly redistributed to core organs and working muscle
- Small surface, high effect: The palm can extract meaningful heat with limited interface size, making it efficient in space-limited or mobile applications

Together, these properties make the palm an ideal anatomical target for cooling interventions, especially when larger surface cooling (e.g., immersion or full-body garments) is impractical.

Figure 1. Optimal anatomical location for palm cooling is the hypothenar region of the palm due to density of AVAs and high degree of cold thermosensitivity (Filingeri, 2018).

3. Engineering an Effective Palm Cooling Interface

To unlock the palm’s full cooling potential, the interface must be engineered for maximum thermal exchange efficiency:

Material conductivity: Use metals or chilled polymers with high thermal conductivity (e.g., aluminum, copper composites)
Thermal gradient: Maintain a surface at least 15°C below skin temperature (~20–22°C or cooler)
Surface contact: Maximize interface area over key AVA zones: thenar and hypothenar eminences, digits, central palm
Form factor: Must be usable mid-session or between bouts, without disrupting biomechanics or pacing

Figure 2. Flow chart of engineering design for palm cooling system. The optimal system enables continuous heat flux from the hand to ambient environment for maximal total heat dissipation.

Operational design constraints in sport demand tools that are:

On-demand and portable: No reliance on large tanks, hoses, or refrigeration
Low complexity: Minimal user instruction or oversight needed
Safe and durable: Withstand repeated use in hot, humid, or dynamic settings

These parameters shift cooling from a lab-bound modality to a field-ready solution, expanding its utility across athletic disciplines.

4. Heat Extraction Potential: A Comparative Lens for Palm Cooling

The effectiveness of palm cooling can be approximated using Newton’s Law of Cooling for convective heat transfer (Taylor et al., 2014):

Equation 1. Convective Heat Transfer.

Even with conservative values (e.g., A = 0.02 m², ΔT = 15 K, t = 90s), palm cooling can extract tens of kilojoules of heat, corresponding to a measurable reduction in core temperature and perceived exertion (Grahn et al., 2012).

Repeated cycles (e.g., between sprints or sets) allow accumulated heat removal, which can:

Delay central fatigue onset
Improve endurance capacity
Accelerate between-bout recovery

These outcomes have been validated in both lab and field studies, particularly when the interface is optimized for thermal extraction without interrupting performance.

Key Insight for Palm Cooling

The palm is the body’s thermodynamic access point, a vascular gateway capable of exchanging internal heat with the environment at scale. When matched with an appropriately engineered interface, palm cooling offers repeatable, scalable, and efficient temperature modulation.

References

Périard Julien D., & Racinais Sébastien. (2019). Heat stress in sport and exercise: Thermophysiology of Health and Performance. Springer International Publishing.
Grahn, D. A., Cao, V. H., & Heller, H. C. (2005). Heat extraction through the palm of one hand improves aerobic exercise endurance in a hot environment. In Journal of Applied Physiology (Vol. 99, Issue 3, pp. 972–978). American Physiological Society. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00093.2005
Grahn, D. A., Cao, V. H., Nguyen, C. M., Liu, M. T., & Heller, H. C. (2012). Work Volume and Strength Training Responses to Resistive Exercise Improve with Periodic Heat Extraction from the Palm. In Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research (Vol. 26, Issue 9, pp. 2558–2569). Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). https://doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0b013e31823f8c1a
Filingeri, D., Zhang, H., & Arens, E. A. (2018). Thermosensory micromapping of warm and cold sensitivity across glabrous and hairy skin of male and female hands and feet. Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985), 125(3), 723–736. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00158.2018
Taylor, N. A., Tipton, M. J., & Kenny, G. P. (2014). Considerations for the measurement of core, skin and mean body temperatures. Journal of thermal biology, 46, 72–101. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtherbio.2014.10.006